How Has The Wearable Sculpture Of Alexander Mcqueen, Iris...

Module: ADHCOREI001AE2015/6. Date of Submission: 15/03/2016. Tutor: Katherine Wagner. Special Study Proposal: How has the wearable sculpture of Alexander McQueen, Iris Van Herpen and Lucy McRae influenced contemporary everyday fashion? Introduction: The Special Study topic I plan to construct, concentrates on the relationships between that of the art form ‘wearable sculpture’ and contemporary, everyday fashions. I will delve into each of their distinctive unique worlds and discover their boundaries, their contrasts and comparisons, their influences and the designers behind the creations. These particular concepts will be examined in relation to three artists, namely Alexander McQueen, Iris Van Herpen and Lucy McRae; who’s ambitious, irrational art work and determined personalities have influenced my individual thoughts and designs throughout my practical studies, where I am currently designing my own wearable sculpture fashions, based on recycling and re-using old products. I intend to explore the reasoning behind the creations of the irrational, enthusiastic outfits and what the designers where considering and imagining when planning, manufacturing and exhibiting them. Throughout my study proposal, I will provide a straightforward indication of how my Special Study will be organized, constantly making sure each of my chosen methodologies closely relate to my title so as not to go off course and gather unrelated feedback. This will include the use of

The Need for Prisons in Britain Essay - 2046 Words

The Need for Prisons in Britain The prison population in England and Wales currently stands at 71,800. According to the Home Office estimate this figure is projected to rise to 83,500 by 2008. Similarly in Scotland, which has a separate legal system and its own private service, there are similar pressures. Prisons can be successful in their four aims: retribution, protection, deterrence and rehabilitation. Reconviction rates are at a substantial low, but is that enough? Whilst compared with the problems facing prisons aquestion arises, is it really prisons Britain needs? There are several other approaches to punishing, deterring and rehabilitating offenders whilst also protecting the public.†¦show more content†¦This is particularly accentuated whilst studying women. In November 2001 a third mens jail had to be converted to take female prisoners in response to a sizeable fluctuation in the female prison population. A record of 4,045 women are housed in British prisons. In 2001-2002 the female prison pop ulation increased by 28%. It is conclusive that women are incarcerated, predominantly for drug-related offences and violence. This significant increase has placed the womens prison educational and drug rehabilitation programmes in jeopardy due to overcrowding. It is a similar feature when investigating mens prisons also. Due to overcrowding there is a shortage of workshops, educational projects, drug treatment and offending behaviour programmes not to mention staff shortages. Nearly two thirds of the UKs prisoners are being held in overcrowded jails and Shrewsbury is a typical example of this with 331 prisoners but only 184 places. Contrarily, the prison service is also beneficial to the inmates it detains and also Britain as a whole. Crime is falling. Why? Prison works. Crime has fallen chiefly because more offenders are in prison. Between 1993 and 2001 the average number of people in prison rose from 45,633 to 66,300, an increase of over 45%. What happened to crime over this period? AccordingShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of The Industrial Revolution On The White Settlement Of Australia1178 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the contribution of the industrial revolution to the white settlement of Australia The rapid inflation of the industrial revolution in Britain lead to the expansion of British interests to the White settlement of Australia. Workers in the cities didn t get paid much for their services and committed crimes to get resources, jails started to overflow and the USA wouldn t take any more convicts once they declared independence. The British empire needed a steady supply of naval materials suchRead MoreThe Significance of Liberal Reforms between 1906-1910 Essay691 Words   |  3 Pagesgovernment came into power due to a landslide victory. When they came to power the Liberals knew there was great need for reform. They knew this change was really required to help and improve Britain and as a whole, make it a better country. There were many parts of Britain that were in very poor condition (in poverty). To eliminate this factor that had plagued Britain the Liberals introduced many reforms between 1906-1910. Each of these had specific aims. They were mainly directingRead MoreThe Issue Of Mental Competency1439 Words   |  6 Pagesoffender know what he was doing? Did the offender know what he was doing was wrong? Did the offender suffer from mental illness at the time of the crime? Was the offender taking medication at the time of the crime? There are many different issues that need to be addressed when you are dealing with mens rea and determining if the offender was mental competent at the time of the offense. I was involved in a case that really brought the issue to light not only professionally but personally therefore IRead More Speech In Favor Capital Punishment1282 Words   |  6 PagesSpeech In Favour Of Capital Punishment Capital Punishment is the lawful infliction of death and has been used in Britain since the 5the century. It was not until 1964 that capital punishment was abolished and this has been described by many historians as Britains worst decision in over 500 years. Along with these Historians, I also believe that our country was much better off with the death penalty as a punishment for sick and twisted people, murderers, rapists and peadophiles. Did youRead MoreEssay about Nature’s Influence on the War of 18121690 Words   |  7 PagesNature’s Influence on the War of 1812 Mother Nature played a part in every event in history, including the War of 1812. The War of 1812 was a conflict between the United States of America and Great Britain that had been building for many years. By the end of the war however there was no clear victor and the issues that caused the conflict were never resolved. Nature played a crucial role in the outcome. Because of humanity’s natural strive for power, the living and fighting conditions ofRead MoreAn Argument For The Death Penalty Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagesoverpopulation problem occurring in prisons, DNA advancement is accurately executing the â€Å"true† killer, and most importantly creating closure and justice to the victims friends and family. In the Code of King HammaurabiHammurabi of Babylon it explains the first 25 crimes that were qualified to be bad enough for the death penalty. The earliest establishment of the death penalty law dates all the way back to the 18th century B.C (â€Å"Part 1: History†). Around the 10th century Britain was the first to use theRead MoreWinston Churchill, The Politician, The Speaker, The Prime1120 Words   |  5 PagesExtremists at Omdurman. Winston decided to run for parliament and got his parents friends to support a campaign that failed, sending him back to combat.He was in the Boer War, a battle between Britain and the citizens of the South African Republic.While seeing this action, he was captured and put in military prison. He escaped, and returned straight to combat. This event made him a war hero, earning him a slot in parliament. Many years later, when Winston lost political power, he went to the front andRead MoreEssay on Reinstating Capital Punishment in Britain912 Words   |  4 PagesReinstating Capital Punishment in Britain Capital Punishment is the legal infliction of death as a penalty for violating criminal law. Throughout history people have been put to death for various forms of wrongdoing. Methods of execution have included such practices as crucifixion, stoning, drowning, burning at the stake, impaling, and beheading. Today capital punishment is typically accomplished by lethal gas or injection, electrocution, hanging, or shooting. The deathRead MoreRhetoric Analysis for Sicko Essays1713 Words   |  7 Pagesand Great Britain. These countries and their health care systems all serve as representatives of models that are successful in fulfilling the best interests of their patients. All of the experiences that Michael Moore have in these three countries utilizes the device of logos. The point that he is trying to make is that logically, if these three countries are able to make this system work, then America should be able to make their health care system work as well. When he was in Great Britain, MichaelRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Moore s Sicko Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pagesand Great Britain. These countries and their health care systems all serve as representatives of models that are successful in fulfilling the best interests of their patients. All of the experiences that Michael Moore have in these three countries utilizes the device of logos. The point that he is trying to mak e is that logically, if these three countries are able to make this system work, then America should be able to make their health care system work as well. When he was in Great Britain, Michael

Essay on Leadership Reflections Aspects of Dysfunctional...

Leadership Reflections: Aspects of Dysfunctional Leadership Based on assigned readings (ORG515 Module 3), this journal entry reflects on three prevalent forms of dysfunctional leadership (Vecchio, 2007) that potentially impact the author’s effectiveness as a leader – groupthink, aversive behavior, and destructive narcissism. Proceeding from a definitional overview, the discussion identifies aspects of these dysfunctional behaviors that are relevant to the author. This entry then considers appropriate remedial actions, including consideration of the relative effectiveness of a study partner’s strategies, for ameliorating deficiencies in the author’s leadership behaviors. Definitional Overview of Dysfunctional Behaviors Groupthink,†¦show more content†¦The underlying causes of groupthink arise from the psychological need of group members to maintain â€Å"self-esteem and emotional equanimity† during times of stressful decision making (Janis, 2007, p. 166). Aversive Behavior Similar to groupthink, aversive leadership behaviors also emerge in response to interpersonal and organizational stress. Pearce and Sims (Thoroughgood et al., 2010) define aversive leadership as â€Å". . . a brand of management relying on coercive power through specific use of intimidation tactics and reprimands† (p. 648). Such tyrannical and abusive behaviors destroy leader-member trust, which results in diminished performance, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors of followers (Bligh, Kohles, Pearce, Justin, Stovall, 2007). Aversive leadership often arises from the mutual reinforcement of biased perceptions of both follower and leader intent (Harvey et al., 2006; Hogan Hogan, 2001) – a process somewhat analogous to the realization of negative self-fulfilling prophecies (Vecchio, 2007). Destructive Narcissism However, unlike groupthink and aversive behaviors, which depend on the exercise of power in social interactions with others, destructive narcissistic behaviors arise from within the construct of a leader’s individual personality traits (Maccoby, 2004; Rosenthal Pittinksy, 2006). According to Rosenthal and Pittinksy (2006), â€Å"Narcissistic leadership occurs when leaders’ actions are principallyShow MoreRelatedOvercoming The Dark Side Of Leadership By Gary L. Mcintosh And Samuel D. Rima1271 Words   |  6 Pages I was asked to write and submit a 4-6 page book summary of the text â€Å"Overcoming the Dark Side of Leadership† by Gary L. McIntosh and Samuel D. Rima. This book report should summarize the basic purpose of the book, the most important leadership principles contained, and the student’s evaluation of the book’s strengths and weaknesses. The goals of this book are to guide the reader in understanding what the dar k side is, assist the reader in identifying your own dark side, and give the reader someRead MoreEmpowering Your Organization1463 Words   |  6 Pagesof distrust begins to arise. In the case study this organization had weak leaders that did not give others a sense of team involvement. There was constant distrust in coworkers and in management to make the right decisions. Due to the lack of leadership employees felt the need to compete through criticizing and creating blame. Management did not give true direction or provide any plan of action but instead were quick to criticize the actions individuals took in order to compete tasks without directionRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Leadership : The Power Of Principles Essay1933 Words   |  8 Pagespriesthood will guide you in ethical leading into todays market economy. Schein’s â€Å"Organizational Culture and Leadership† is a natural blend to The Power of Principles by taking a deeper look at culture and le adership as the two sides of the same coin. Together, these texts will warrant success in your ethical leadership journey. The Power of Principles is about being steadfast in a leadership expedition by embracing universal principles that have existed since the inception of human kind. The dominantRead MoreToyotas Quality Management Process1732 Words   |  7 Pagesthat entrapped the gas pedals. †¢ Customer Service Issues – David Sargeant, Vice President of automotive research of J.D. Power and Associates, stated â€Å"the sales shutdown would have important impact in the short term (Bailey, Kim, 2010).† †¢ Lack of Leadership – Akio Toyoda, President and CEO, and Toyota representatives gave many reasons for the recall. The most prominent was operator error (Kalb, 2012). However, instead of apologizing and owning up to his part in the recall, Toyoda and his representativesRead MoreASB 4431 Example of indiv essay Sally3874 Words   |  16 PagesConflict Leadership Submitted by: Sally Sambrook abs803@bangor.ac.uk Bangor Business School College of Business, Social Sciences and Law Bangor University 1. Introduction The key purpose of our group assignment was to demonstrate the ability to research and critically analyse an organisation’s structure, culture and approach to management and leadership: this essay evaluates one aspect of that experience: my approach to conflict and decision to not undertake a leadership role. TheRead MoreThe New East Bridgewater Junior Senior High School1601 Words   |  7 Pagesdistant as possible. Over the last several years, the school and district has had several setbacks with their finances and since have changed key administrative members several times, but little did everyone know that was only the beginning of a dysfunctional district. Financial setbacks throughout the years have caused for severe cuts in programs and extracurricular activities and in 2015, the school was in a deficit of one million dollars. This deficit forced the teachers of the district to takeRead MoreCrisis Management- a Strategic Leadership Approach3992 Words   |  16 PagesCrisis management - a strategic leadership approach Introduction The past decade has been wrought with crises on both a domestic and international scale. It has been marked by a glut of organizational crises including natural disasters, technology disruption, and acts of terrorism, scandals, and financial mismanagement. Yet, many leaders are ill-prepared for the important role they may need to play in leading an organization through a crisis. At the beginning of the decade people all overRead More: the Dysfunctional Project Team3681 Words   |  15 PagesHEAD: Behavioral Aspects of the Project Management Paper Behavioral Aspects of the Project Management Paper: The Dysfunctional Project Team Lee Jernigan Lavina Hield Roderick Robinson Naomi Brown The University of Phoenix Atlanta Campus, Georgia MGT 573 Project Management in the Business Environment Dr. Abdel Mahdi Al-Husseini, MBA July 24, 2004 Workshop # 2 Behavioral Aspects of the Project Management Paper: The Dysfunctional Project Team The Dysfunctional Project Team ThisRead MoreIndividual Reflection Paper on Your 5020 Group Experience4784 Words   |  20 PagesIndividual Reflection Paper on Your 5020 Group Experience Introduction This reflection paper is a compilation of what Group or Team C, experience during the execution of the Group Project Paper on Goal Setting in Organizations within Burger King Corporation. The paper covers important topics such as how the group was formed, leadership, the evolution of the group/team over the term, group/team dynamics, group structure, team communication and Intergroup/intra-group conflict. This paper connectsRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Self Leadership And Positive Psychology2169 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Utilising a combined self-leadership and positive psychology perspective, I will self-analyse my strengths and weaknesses through the use of questionnaires completed throughout the semester to gain a deeper understanding of my personality traits in my chosen career. The career path I have chosen is Human Resources (HR) and everything analysed will be in respect of that path. A definition of self-leadership is â€Å"the process of influencing oneself to establish the self-direction and self-motivation

South Carolina And The United States Essay - 1812 Words

Carolina had the support of other Southern states, South Carolina was the only one to nullify the tariff. South Carolina eventually agreed to a compromise, but nevertheless this state had challenged the federal government, creating a long-lasting effect of Southern states challenging the federal government’s power (Holt, Michael). It is interesting to note that the South did not disagree with every federal government decision. The U.S. was engaged with a war against Mexico in the 1840s, which allowed the United States to gain additional new territories after their victory, but this elevated tensions because these new states could choose to have slaves or not have slaves. Looking back in history to the Missouri Compromise, this federal statute regulated slavery in the western territories as the Northern states felt that by adding a new slavery-supporting state, the balance would be tipped toward pro-slavery states that would then control the national government and Senate (Fone r, Eric). An increase in either slave-owning or slavery-abolished states could upset the delicate balance in Congress in the mid 19th century, so in response to the addition of Missouri as a slave-owning state, Maine split from Massachusetts to become its own state to keep the political balance of the United States. However when new territories were acquired, a similar balance problem occurred, but this time for both sides of the slavery debate. California, Nevada, Colorado, Utah, Oklahoma, and partsShow MoreRelatedSouth Carolina And The United States1264 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Post and Courier , South Carolina has 3 of the top 20 fastest growing cities in the country. The state has seen a constant influx of new residents that is not predicted to slow in the next 10 years. Charleston, Myrtle Beach and Hilton head have added over 150,000 new residents in since 2010 collectively, with over half being in Charleston. South Carolina represents one of our primary markets and an established base of operations for our company. In the Atlanta market, growth is expectedRead MoreThe Declaration Of The United States1150 Words   |  5 PagesApril 26, 1852 the South Carolina State, justified its intentions to secede from the United States due to the increased violations of the Constitution by the Federal Government as well as its limitation on the reservation rights within the States. In 1860 after Abraham Lincoln election the South thought that the government was becoming too powerful, which led South Carolina to secede as the first state from the United States Union. However, remaining as part of the United States would be the bestRead More Graded AssignmentSouth Carolina Secedes The1037 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment South Carolina Secedes The following question asks you to write a clear essay that analyzes South Carolina’s reasons for seceding from the Union. Use both the documents listed on next two pages and your knowledge of the time period. You may also use the time line you previously completed. (100 points) 1. What were South Carolina’s stated reasons for seceding from the United States in December, 1860? Do you believe that the stated reasons were the complete explanation for South Carolina’sRead MoreSouth Carolina Nullification794 Words   |  4 Pages Adv. U.S. History South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, November 24, 1832 Throughout the great American history, Americans have been through a colossal amount of conflicts, and wars. However, they still figured out a way to compromise and accept each other’s differences. As America improves, they gradually lead to a making of a powerful and organized government. Yet in â€Å"South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification† a conflict arises, where South Carolina is furious at the federalRead MoreEssay On Womens Health Prevention1007 Words   |  5 Pagesaddressed to the lawmakers of the state and federal legislators. This paper will identify South Carolina state representative and state senators. Secondly, there will be a discussion of the United States Representative and United States Senator from South Carolina. Thirdly, there will be a discussion on if the membership on the South Carolina committee are related to the topic of woman’s health prevention services. Fourthly, there will be a discussion on if South Carolina has a region al action coalitionRead MoreThe Battle Of Fort Sumter1373 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Lincoln inauguration of the United States, The president received a message (Beringer, Why the South lost the Civil War). In attempt by the confederate government to settle differences with the union were sponged by Lincoln and the confederate felt it could no longer tolerate a foreign force in its territory (Goldfield, 2002). Lincoln ingeniously devised a plan that would case the Confederates to fire the first shot and hoped to inspire the states that had not yet seceded to unite in effortRead MoreThe Nullification Crisis and Its Effects on the United States639 Words   |  3 Pageswhen the state of South Carolina began to have issues with the protective tariff (which was designed to protect the industry in the northern United States by taxing imports). At this point in history, many of the leaders of South Carolina were under the idea that a state did not have to follow a federal law and cou ld â€Å"nullify† the law. This was a result that many colonists from South Carolina felt that the protective tax was benefiting the Northern manufacturers and harming the Southern states who wereRead MoreThe Nullifying Crisis : The Causes Of The Nullification Crisis1552 Words   |  7 Pagescrises that would eventually lead to the Civil War. Following the suffering of an economic downturn throughout the 1820s, the United States government passed several new tariffs. When the Tariff of 1828 was passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, it sparked the debate over states’ rights and highlighted the growing sectional difference between the South and the North in America. That Tariff of 1828 raised taxes on imported manufactured goods made of wool as well as materialsRead MoreSlavery Was An Important Part Of North Carolina s History1126 Words   |  5 PagesAfrica. North Carolina did not play a major role in the slave trade because of its geography, which made it dangerous for slave ships to land on the coast of North Carolina. Therefore, slave traders would port to the north or south, Richmond or Charleston. Slavery was an important part of North Carolina s history because it was such a big impact in America and their economy was mostly plantation based, which required massive amounts of slaves to work on fields. In 1729, when Carolina split into NorthRead MoreEssay on It Is Time to Expand Medicaid Coverage in South Carolina1169 Words   |  5 PagesIt is Time to Expand Medicaid Coverage in South Carolina When it validated the constitutionality of The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in 2012, the United States Supreme Court also ruled that states could decide for themselves whether or not to expand their Medicaid programs (Sonfield, 2012). Predictably, South Carolina said no. The Palmetto State’s decision not to expand Medicaid in concert with the Affordable Care Act was wrong, and it is time to correct that mistake. The leadership’s

The interlopers Free Essays

It has been three years since we started our label in december of 2009. After eleven releases we are now reaching our anniversairy release. Hence number ten comes in a nice IOinch format. We will write a custom essay sample on The interlopers or any similar topic only for you Order Now And again a new artist is on board! Essay is his name and he’s from Heidelberg. Additionally the two exceptional artists Nocow and Desolate are contributing two fantastic remixes as a thank you for an awesome collaboration with Fauxpas Musik. Vocals are coming from stunning norwegian singer Ida Dillan. Vinyl tastes better†¦ maybe some people remember one of my first uploads â€Å"crying at day† ; â€Å"crying at night† on soundcloud last year, finally they will be released on august 6th together with â€Å"old times† via Glyph Recordings. the 2 tracks has been edited a bit and mastered 🙂 you can pre-order the ep here: This story is set on the eastern edge of the Carpathian Mountains in Romania family feud over a strip of forest has reached fevered pitch between Ulrich Von Gradwitz and Georg Znaeym. Ulrich’s family had won the lawsuit many years ago that had settled the dispute, and Georg’s family had lost. The dispossessed family has never accepted the ruling of the courts and continues to poach on the land. The victorious landowners have continued to punish the interlopers. To be too proud or having too much pride can lead stubbornness, which can destroy friendships and families. The characters in â€Å"The Interlopers,† Ulrich von Gradwitz and Georg Znaeym, have been enemies since birth. Their grandfathers feuded over a piece of forestland. While the courts ruled in the Gradwitz family’s favor, the Znaeym family has never accepted this ruling. Throughout the course of Ulrich and Georg’s lifetime, the feud has grown into a personal, bloodthirsty one. As boys, they despised each other, and by the evening that the story takes place, the two grown men are determined to bring a final end to the feud by killing their enemy. Ulrich von Gradwitz is a wealthy landowner. He has legal right to a disputed stretch of land but knows that Georg continues to hunt on this land. On the night the story takes place, he has organized a group of men to find Georg, whom he plans to kill. He considers Georg his enemy and calls him a â€Å"forest-thief, game-snatcher. † After the men get trapped under the tree, Ulrich offers Georg some of his wine and is the first one to put forth the idea of making amends. Ulrich is also the one who sees wolves approaching. Throughout this journey looking The interlopers By annecik How to cite The interlopers, Papers

P. Tchaikovsky free essay sample

Al Photo Illicit Tchaikovsky was a Russian composer born 7 May 1840. During his life as a composer he worked basically on symphonies, concertos, operas, ballets, chamber music and a choral. By the time Tchaikovsky composed this string quartet he was a professor at the Moscow Conservatory and with this jobs apparent he was barely getting by. The composer decided to present the concerto of his own chamber music, because it was cheaper than to present a full orchestra at the Conservatory, at the urging of his friend Nikolas Rubberiest.The Quartet was written on the fly Just weeks before the concert. The concerto has four movements: 1. Moderate a simple (D major)0 This movement begins with a sonata and Its opening theme is played by the whole quartet In unison and Tchaikovsky uses this unusual meter of 9/8. Next the string quartet is divided in contrapuntal lines, and the ensemble joins together to play the second theme, and then split again. We will write a custom essay sample on P. Tchaikovsky or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the movement develops the composer brings Its counterpoint to the foreground and, at the same time, contrast It with the aground, where he brings the original syncopated theme.A dense, but clear texture leads the movement to its climax right before the return of the opening material. The movement ends in a coda and culminates in a rapid playing of D major chords. D 2. Andante cantabile (b major)0 This second movement Is the most famous In this concerto and probably one of the most famous hits In Tchaikovsky career. The first theme of It was based on a Ukrainian folk song, Van sat on the sofa, and was heard by the composer while he was visiting his sisters house at Keenan, probably whistled by a house painter. The pavement Is an Intensely STRING QUARTET NO 1 IN D MAJOR, pop. L 1 OFF emotional one and alternates between this folk theme and this second theme which is wholly original and is heard over a chromatic bass in the cello. About this movement Tchaikovsky wrote in his diary: Never in my life have I felt so flattered and proud of my creative ability as when Leo Tolstoy, sitting next to me, heard my andante with tears coursing down his cheeks. . O 3. Scherzo. Allegro non Tanta e con foci Trio (D minor)0 This part begins in D minor and matches the heartfelt folk song of the slow movement but this time it has vilely and dance-like rhythm.It is heavy with unison playing, rhythmic accents and strong dynamics. The trio section returns to the key of the Andante and it has a combination of frivolity and ponderous chromatics that return us to the animated Initial Scherzo. 0 4. Finale. Allegro gusto Allegro vice (D major)0 The Finale movement is a sonata form with a lot of vigor and quartet texture work. It starts in a D major tune that is answered by a second subject that appears in the first dial. Basically the theme leads us through an energetic development and then takes AS back to the initial two themes.The movement is very balanced and concise, it finishes into an Allegro vice, with a conclusive whirl of notes and majestic tonic chords. This concerto can be considered one of the most famous string quartets of archdeaconrys career, especially because of its second movement, Andante cantabile. It has been frequently arranged and performed by string orchestras. A curious fact is that the second theme of the second movement was also used as the basis for a popular song named On the isle May, performed by the American singer Cone Boswell in the asss.

Genetic Homology and Crossing Mendels Principles Of Heredity

Questions: Give a description of mitosis and meiosis and discuss their significance [This must an illustrated and annotated flow diagram] Describe the impact of one geneticist on our understanding of genetics. [pick one key scientist and explain there findings] Describe the main sources of variation, including crossing over and gene and chromosome mutations. [Must use Annotated diagrams] Answers: Mitosis is a process of division of eukaryotic cell in which a mother cell is divided into two daughter cells. It takes place only in eukaryotic cells where, division of the chromosomes takes place and is followed by division of nucleus and division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis) occurs along with the cell membrane resulting into two new genetically identical cells. Stapes involved in mitosys are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Interphase is the preparatory stage for mitosis. The process actually begins with prophase (Tiang, He and Pawlowski 2012). Interphase is the metabolic phase or daily living of a cell where it metabolises, grows and copies its DNA and gets prepared for mitosis. It is the longest period of a cell cycle. Three stages are involved in interphase, those are: G1 or Gap 1, during which protein synthesis takes place and the cell grows. Synthesis, in which DNA replication takes place. G2 or Gap 2, where the mitochondria divide and the cell grows until mitosis begins. G0 or Gap zero is a stage where the cell either has an extended Gap 1 or it does not divide ever after. Figure: 1 (Source: Phschool.com, 2016) Figure: 2 (Source: Woods, 2016) Prophase is the first stage of mitosis that follows G2 interphase. In this stage the chromosomes starts to condense and forms long thread like structure. Each chromosome has two chromatids that are joined at centromere. The centrosome of the cell consists of two centrioles and it coordinates the microtubules. Prior to mitosis, the centrosome gets duplicated by the cell. Centrosomes form microtubules and moves opposite to each other. Figure3: Prophase (Source: Phschool.com, 2016) At the beginning of metaphase nuclear membrane disintegrates and disappears allowing the microtubules to enter in nuclear space. In case of fungi and some protists spindle forms inside the nucleus or microtubules penetrate the intact nuclear membrane. A kinetochore is a protein based binding agent that forms during prophase (Tiang, He and Pawlowski 2012). Figure4: Metaphase (Source: Phschool.com, 2016) The microtubules from the opposite centrosome interact with corresponding microtubules and forms mitotic spindle. Now the chromosomal kinetochore attaches with microtubules and two centrosomes pull the chromosomes towards opposite sides. In this stage the chromosomes align along the midline of the cell. In this stage the chromosomes becomes clearly visible and is known as metaphase checkpoint. During anaphase, the chromatids of each chromosome get separated and moves towards the opposite poles along with the spindle fibres. The polar microtubules push each other and results the cell to elongate. The chromosomes reach to the poles of each cell and the nuclear membrane starts to form around the chromosomes (Nasmyth 2001). Figure 5: Anaphase (Source: Phschool.com, 2016) Telophase is the last stage of mitosis where the polar microtubules grow and the cell elongates even more. The reformation of nuclear membrane gets completed using the residues of old envelope. Now each nucleus is having identical sets of chromosomes. Figure 6: Telophase (Source: Phschool.com, 2016) The cell is now separated by forming a cleavage containing a contractile ring, which gradually separates two cells. Each cell contains one nucleus (Sawin et al. 1992). Figure 7: Mitosis (Source: cycle et al., 2009) Significance of mitosis: Mitosis increases the number of cells in any organism which is the basis of growth and development. Replacement of old cells takes place by mitosis process, which is also helpful in healing any injury. With the help of mitosis, some organisms like starfish, lizard etc. can regenerate their body part. This is the means of reproduction for organism like hydra (Tiang, He and Pawlowski 2012). Meiosis is the process of producing four daughter cells from one mother cell and each with half of the chromosomes of the mother cell. It occurs in the gametes of sexually reproducing eukaryots. It consists of two steps: meiosis 1 and meiosis 2. Prior to meiosis, there is a synthesis phase, where the replication of genetic material takes place to form two sister chromatids. Both meiosis 1 and 2 consist of four phases. Those are prophase 1 2, metaphase 12, anaphase 12 and telophase 12 (Nasmyth 2001). During prophase 1 the chromosomes align to form tetrads. In this stage the sister chromatids twists and crosses. During this regional exchange crossing over or exchange of genetic material may occur. In metaphase 1, the chromosomes align across the equatorial plane in such a way that centromeres lay at either side of the plain. In anaphase 1 the chromosomes are pulled towards the opposite ends of the cell. The homolog pair moves in opposite direction. The chromatids of the chromosome stay together. In telophase 1, the chromosomes contain a pair of chromatids reach at the poles of cell. New nuclear membranes are formed surrounding each haploid sets of chromosome. In meiosis 2 again the above mentioned phases occur resulting in formation of four daughter cells (Nei 1975). Significance of Meiosis: Meiosis maintains the number of chromosomes in the diploid cell after fertilization. It helps to incorporate new characteristics among the offspring by means of crossing over. In meiosis four daughter cells are produced and it leads to a genetic variation in daughter cells (Darlington 1939). Figure 8: Meiosis (Source: Ib.bioninja.com.au, 2016) 2.1 Gregor Johann Mendel is known as The Father of Genetics for his findings on three basic principles of genetics. He did some experiments on pea trees with different characteristics. Experiment 1: A purebred tall plant was crossed with a purebred short plant. All the offspring of the first generation or F1 generation were tall. The same experiment was performed with other pairs of contrasting characteristics, which showed only one of the two characteristics (Mendel 1996). Figure 9: Mendels Law of Dominance (Source: Pixgood.com, 2016) This phenomenon was described by Mendels Law of Dominance. He stated that, the dominating phenotypes or physical characteristics appear in the first generation. The other phenotype, that was not found in the first generation are the recessive characteristics. Form this experiment. Mendel concluded that the contrasting hereditary information from two different forms of same species can co-exist at the same time in a single individual. But, only the dominating character appears in the phenotype (Mendel Corcos and Monaghan 1993). Experiment-2 From the first experiment, it has been proven that hybridizing a tall and a short pea will produce all tall pea plants in the first generation. Mendel let seven F1 generation plant to self-hybridize, producing a second or F2 generation. F2 generation showed a ratio of 3:1 of tall and short pea plants. From this result he concluded that, hereditary information of an individual species came from two different genotypes, each of them derived from each parents. Each trait was either a dominant form (denoted by A) or a recessive form (a). These two units gave four possible forms of combination and those are AA, Aa, aA and aa. As Aa and aA shows the same phenotype, there were three combinations (Bateson and Mendel 2013). Since A is dominated over a, both AA and Aa shows the same physical characteristics. The aa is the only genotype that shows recessive characteristic. Paired units are separated randomly during formation of gamete. So, each gamete contains one unit only. This law is known as Law of Segregation (Mendel 2008). Figure 10: Mendels Law of Segregation (Source: Pixgood.com, 2016) Experiment-3 In this experiment two different traits of pea plant for two characteristics are selected. One is the colour of seed and another is the shape of seed. The two plants have green wrinkled seeds (yyrr) and yellow round seeds (YYRR) respectively. As the plants are homozygous, the gametes for green wrinkled seeded plant is yr and the gamete for yellow round seeded plants are YR. Offspring of the F1 generation will be YyRr that is yellow round seeded. For the F2 generation, four types of gamete can be formed after the heterozygote YyRr is self- hybridized as follows: YR, Yr, yR and yr. These gametes give 16 genotype combinations. The phenotypes will be round yellow, round green, wrinkled yellow and wrinkled green and the phenotype ratio will be 9:3:3:1 respectively (Mendel Corcos and Monaghan 1993). Figure 11: Mendels Law of Independent Assortment (Source: "Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment", 2016) From this experiment Mendel stated that genes do not get influenced by each other with respect to the sorting of alleles into gametes. Every gene has the equal chance to contain every possible combination of alleles. It is known as Mendels Law of Independent Assortment. 3: Genetic variation occurs due to the variation of alleles of gene in a gene pool. It can occur both among and within populations. Genetic variation mainly occurs due to gene mutation, chromosome mutation and crossing over. Crossing over is referred to the exchange of genetic material of homologous chromosomes to form a new recombinant chromosome during sexual reproduction. It occurs during the prophase-1 stage of meiosis. At this stage, the chromosomes replicate into two sister chromatids. The homologous chromosomes of a pair come together causing a breakage at the corresponding points of the non sister chromatids. Since the homologous chromosomes break at corresponding points, the broken sections have the corresponding alleles which are then exchanged within the chromosomes to form new recombined chromosomes (Burgoyne 1982). Figure 12: Crossing Over (Source: Desertbruchid.net, 2016) A gene mutation is a permanent change in the sequence of the gene forming DNA. The effect of mutation can range from a single DNA base pair to a large number of chromosomes including a multiple genes. Gene mutation can occur mainly in two ways: The mutations that inherited from parents are called hereditary mutations. When a sperm and an egg cell get fertilized, the zygote receives DNA from both parent cells. If the DNA undergoes a mutation, then the child will also have the mutation of each cell (Handel and Schimenti 2010). Acquired or somatic mutation is a type of mutation that can occur during the life of a person and are present in certain cells of the body. It can occur from any biological reason or from environmental reasons. Somatic mutation cannot be transmitted to the next generation. Figure: 13 (Source: Bailey, 2016) A chromosome mutation is a sudden change that can occur in chromosome. Chromosome mutations can change the structure or number of chromosomes in the cell. It can change a large segment if DNA on a chromosome (Cooper and Krawczak 1993). Chromosomal mutation can occur by structural changes such as translocation of chromosome fragments, deletion or breakage of chromosome, inversion, duplication or improper division of a chromosome (Orr 2010). Figure: 14 (Source: Biology | Mrs. McComas, 2016) References: Bateson, W. and Mendel, G., 2013.Mendel's principles of heredity. 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